The earliest known surviving diagram of the Zodiac Man is from the eleventh century. They became increasingly common in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century manuscripts. Different forms of the Zodiac Man appeared in calendars, devotional books and treatises on philosophy, astrology, and medicine in the Middle Ages. This image is from a 15th-century German manuscript.
Image courtesy of the British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts.
To learn more about the history of medicine and questionable cures, see Discovering Quacks, Utopias, and Cemeteries